Ancient Mathematics, a Book by Professor Renzo Baldoni

First branch: Le Origins of Mathematics (from 30,000 BCE)

(11 pages, 16 illustrations, 5 tabs)

• The beginning of numbers
• Count
• The invention of the base

Schede ”saperne more”:

• the first equipment
• the hand
• the human body, origin of arithmetic
• Can animals count?
• the base and numbering systems

Second branch: Babylonian Mathematics (from 3,500 BCE)

(53 pages, 146 illustrations, 19 tabs)

• Mesopotaemia
• The principle of position and the invention of zero
• Basic operations
• Calculi Sumerians and hermits
• Sumerical Tablets
• Sumerian distinct
• Foundation cone
• Tablet YBC 7289
• Table Plimpton 322
• Shuruppak table
• Tell Harmall Tablet
• Table AO 8862

“Saperne” diagrams:

• a land between two rivers
• technological progress in Mesopotamia
• cracks and seals, bolts and tokens
• origins of writing
• the invention of cuneiform writing
• first written documents
• the sexist system
• after the Sumerians
• clay as memory
• marriage contract
• Sumerian division
• abacus sumer
• the Babylonian zero
• square roots in Mesopotamia
• Ziggurat
• Ebla, the first Library
• the libraries of the crescent
• the Babylonian astronomy
• Virtualmuseumiraq. it

Third branch: Egyptian Mathematics (from about 3,000 BCE)

(57 pages, 175 illustrations, 18 tabs)

• The Nile: the vital force of Egypt
• Egyptian figures
• Historical sources
• Rhind's papyrus
• The papyrus of Moscow
• The papyrus Reisner, the papyrus of Berlin, the papyrus of Kahun
• Leather roll, wooden tablets

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Egypt “gift of the Nile”
• Technological progress in Egypt
• Egyptian writing: hieroglyphic, ieratic, demotic, copta
• The papyrus
• Tendents of ropes
• Reghello di Kha
• The Mastaba
• The pyramids
• The solar temple
• The Egyptian astronomy
• Rosetta stele
• The palette of Narmer
• The Eye of Horuz
• Operations under the pyramids
• The problem 56 of Rhind's papyrus
• The Egyptian fractions
• The geometry of Egyptian boats
• Egyptian Treasures in the World

Fourth branch: Mediterranean Mathematics (from about 1.700 BCE)

(58 pages, 199 illustrations, 24 tabs)

Hittites

• Numeration

“Saperne” diagrams:

• the language of the Hittites
• the rock written
• Hattusa
• Technological progress
• War wagons

Phoenicians

• The origin of the linear alphabet
• The numerical notation of Phoenicians

“Saperne” diagrams:

• the character of Phoenicians
• did Phoenicians circumnavigate Africa?
• Did they also discover America?
• Ugarit

Jews

• Hebrew number letters

“Saperne” diagrams:

• slavery in Egypt
• the exodus
• the march in the desert
• the Bible as a historical source
• the Bible gives numbers
• the Jewish calendar
• Qumran
• The pi in the Bible
• The Universe and the Bible
• Gematria

Minoans

• The Cretan figures
• Linear A
• Linear B

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Minosse and Dedalo
• The palace of Cnosso
• The disco of Festo
• The Labyrinth of Crete
• Mycenaean Civilization

Fifth branch: Greek Mathematics (from about 800 BCE)

(129 pages, 392 illustrations, 39 tabs)

• Letters to count
• General sources
• Classical period (600 BCE – 300 BCE)
• Talete and ion school
• Pythagoras and the Italian school
• The Pythagoreans and Music
• The Pythagoric astronomy
• The Eleatic School
• Elea Zenone

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Greece, the first major European civilization
• Greek technological progress
• Geometric age: harmonic traces
• Talete of Mileto
• The Pythagorean School
• The golden number
• The most famous of theorems
• Incommensurable segments and irrational numbers
• The Abacus of Salamina
• The paradoxes of Zenone
• The Olympic Games
• The nine Muses

The heroic age (about 400 BCE)

• Duplication of the cube or Delo problem
• Trisection of an angle and curve of Ippia
• Circle painting
• Square of the lunula
• Architect of Taranto
• Geometric Algebra
• Plato and Platonic School
• Cnido Eudox
• The homocentric spheres of Eudoxus
• Aristotle

The Alexandrian Age

• Euclide
• Elements
• Archimedes
• The corpus archimedeo

“Saperne” diagrams:

• square of the lunula
• duplication of the cube
• trisection of an angle
• square circle
• Platonic solids
• Plato and the Teaching
• The windmill (Pythagorean theorem)
• Infinity of the first numbers
• Theorem of the gnomon
• The lost code of Archimedes
• The circle area
• The value of pi greek
• On the ball and cylinder
• The spiral of Archimedes
• The parable square
• The Method
• Stomachion

• Apollonius
• He was a member.
• Nicomede
• Diocle
• Perse
• Zenodor
• Ipp.
• Menelaus
• Tolomeo
• Erone
• Goddamn
• Ancient symbols
• Pappo
• Theon, Hypatia, Proclo
• The decline of Greek mathematics

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Eratosthenes and Earth Measurement
• The mesolabio
• The astrolabe
• The concoid
• Theorem of Ptolemy
• Greek astronomy
• The formula of Erone
• Hypatia
• Greek Recreations
• Museums

Sixth branch: Roman Mathematics ( 750 BCE – 476 CE approximately)

(42 pages, 72 illustrations, 13 tabs)

The Etruscans

• The Etruscan figures

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Tarquinia
• The most important Etruscan places

The Romans

• Roman figures

“Saperne” diagrams:

• Roman technological progress
• the abacus
• the first pocket calculator
• multiplication with Roman figures
• the groma
• the Roman school
• Roman roads
• the Roman aqueduct
• the Roman army
• Roman coins
• the reform of the calendar
• bibliography and websites.